ASTM A178 Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes ASTM A178電阻焊接碳鋼和碳錳鋼鍋爐和過熱器管標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范

ASTM A178/A178M specification covers standards for electric-resistance-welded tubes with minimum-wall-thickness made of carbon steel and carbon-manganese steel to be used in boiler tubes, boiler flues, superheater flues, and safe ends. The steel shall be of Grades A (low-carbon steel), C (medium-carbon steel), or D (carbon-manganese steel). All tubes shall be submitted to heat treatment after welding, followed by cooling. The steel shall conform to stated compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulphur, and silicon. Grades C and D shall conform to given tensile requirements, that is tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. The material shall also be subjected to flattening, flange, tension, reverse flattening, and hydrostatic (or nondestructive electric) tests. Crush test shall also be performed if asked by the purchaser. Minimum elongation values are also given.

ASTM A178/A178M規(guī)范涵蓋了用于鍋爐管、鍋爐流、過熱器流和安全端的最小壁厚碳鋼和碳錳鋼電阻焊管的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。鋼材應(yīng)為A級(jí)（低碳鋼）、C級(jí)（中碳鋼）或D級(jí)（碳錳鋼）。所有管子應(yīng)在焊接后進(jìn)行熱處理，然后冷卻。鋼應(yīng)符合規(guī)定的碳、錳、磷、硫和硅的成分。C級(jí)和D級(jí)應(yīng)符合給定的抗拉要求，即抗拉強(qiáng)度、屈服強(qiáng)度和伸長率。材料還應(yīng)接受平整、法蘭、張力、反向平整和靜水壓（或無損電）試驗(yàn)。如果買方要求，也應(yīng)進(jìn)行壓碎試驗(yàn)。還給出了最小伸長率值。

What Is ASTM A178 / ASME SA178 Tubing?

什么是ASTM A178/ASME SA178卡套管？

ASTM A178 tubing is carbon steel and carbon manganese ERW tubing used in boilers, boiler flues, super heaters, ASTM A178 is available in A178 Grade A (low carbon steel), A178 Grade C (medium carbon steel), and A178 Grade D (carbon manganese steel). The ASTM A178 Specifications are listed below with the Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties.

ASTM A178管材是用于鍋爐、鍋爐流、過熱器的碳鋼和碳錳ERW管材，ASTM A178有A178 A級(jí)（低碳鋼）、A178 C級(jí)（中碳鋼）和A178 D級(jí)（碳錳鋼）。ASTM A178規(guī)范以及化學(xué)成分和機(jī)械性能如下。

Scope范圍

1. 1. This specification2 covers minimum-wall-thickness, electric-resistance-welded tubes made of carbon steel and carbon-manganese steel intended for use as boiler tubes, boiler flues, superheater flues, and safe ends.

1.1本規(guī)范涵蓋了用作鍋爐管、鍋爐流、過熱器流和安全端的碳鋼和碳錳鋼制成的電阻焊接管的最小壁厚。

1. 2. This specification covers Grades A, C, and D with differing chemical requirements (Section 6 and Table 1), differing tensile requirements (Section 9 and Table 2), and differing crush and mechanical testing requirements (Sections 10 and 11).

1.2本規(guī)范涵蓋了具有不同化學(xué)要求（第6節(jié)和表1）、不同拉伸要求（第9節(jié)和表2）以及不同壓碎和機(jī)械測試要求（第10節(jié)和第11節(jié)）的A級(jí)、C級(jí)和D級(jí)。

NOTE 1: Grades C and D tubes are not suitable for safe-ending for forge welding. 注1：C級(jí)和D級(jí)管不適合鍛造焊接的安全端接。

1. 3. The tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished to this specification are 1/2 to 5 in. [12.7 to 127 mm] in outside diameter and 0.035 to 0.360 in. [0.9 to 9.1 mm], inclusive, in minimum wall thickness. Tubing having other dimensions may be furnished, provided such tubes comply with all other requirements of this specification.

1.3本規(guī)范中通常提供的管材尺寸和厚度為外徑1/2至5英寸[12.7至127毫米]，最小壁厚0.035至0.360英寸[0.9至9.1毫米]。可以提供具有其他尺寸的管子，前提是這些管子符合本規(guī)范的所有其他要求。

1. 4. Mechanical property requirements do not apply to tubing smaller than 1/8 in. [3.2 mm] in inside diameter or 0.015 in. [0.4 mm] in thickness.

1.4機(jī)械性能要求不適用于內(nèi)徑小于1/8英寸[3.2毫米]或厚度小于0.015英寸[0.4毫米]的管子。

1. 5. Optional supplementary requirements are provided and when desired, shall be so stated in the order. 1.5提供了可選的補(bǔ)充要求，如有需要，應(yīng)在訂單中注明。
   6. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.

1.6 以英寸-磅單位或國際單位表示的值應(yīng)單獨(dú)視為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值。在文本中，國際單位制顯示在括號(hào)中。每個(gè)系統(tǒng)中所述的值不是完全等效的；因此，每個(gè)系統(tǒng)都必須獨(dú)立使用。將兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)的值結(jié)合起來可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致不符合規(guī)范。除非訂單中指定了本規(guī)范的“M”名稱，否則應(yīng)采用英寸-磅單位。

1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

1.7本國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是根據(jù)世界貿(mào)易組織技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘委員會(huì)發(fā)布的《關(guān)于制定國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、指南和建議的原則的決定》中確立的國際公認(rèn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化原則制定的。

Different name不同名稱

Condenser steel tube,heat-exchanger tube,low carbon steel pipe,Resistance welded steel tube ,Bolier flues,Spoerheater flues and safe ends,ERW carbon steel pipes.

冷凝器鋼管、換熱器管、低碳鋼管、電阻焊接鋼管、Bolier流量、噴水器流量和安全端、ERW碳鋼管。

Chemical Composition of ASTM A178  ASTM A178的化學(xué)成分

Product Analysis產(chǎn)品分析

1. When requested on the purchase order, a product analy- sis shall be made by the manufacturer or supplier from one tube per 100 pieces for sizes over 3 in. [76.2 mm] and one tube per 250 pieces for sizes 3 in. [76.2 mm] and under; or when tubes are identified by heat, one tube per heat shall be analyzed. The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified.

1.當(dāng)采購訂單上有要求時(shí)，制造商或供應(yīng)商應(yīng)進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品分析，對(duì)于尺寸超過3英寸[76.2毫米]的每100件產(chǎn)品，以及對(duì)于尺寸為3英寸[76.2毫米]及以下的每250件產(chǎn)品，應(yīng)進(jìn)行一次分析；或者，當(dāng)通過熱量識(shí)別管子時(shí)，應(yīng)對(duì)每爐一根管子進(jìn)行分析。由此確定的化學(xué)成分應(yīng)符合規(guī)定的要求。

2. If the original test for product analysis fails, retests of two additional lengths of flat-rolled stock or tubes shall be made. Both retests, for the elements in question, shall meet the requirements of the specification; otherwise all remaining material in the heat or lot (Note 2) shall be rejected or, at the option of the producer, each length of flat-rolled stock or tube may be individually tested for acceptance. Lengths of flat- rolled stock or tubes which do not meet the requirements of the specifications shall be rejected.

2.如果產(chǎn)品分析的原始測試失敗，則應(yīng)重新測試兩段額外的扁鋼或管材。對(duì)于所討論的元件，兩次重新測試都應(yīng)符合規(guī)范的要求；否則，該爐或批次（注2）中的所有剩余材料應(yīng)被拒收，或者根據(jù)生產(chǎn)商的選擇，每段扁平軋制材料或管材都可以單獨(dú)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)收測試。不符合規(guī)范要求的扁鋼或管材長度應(yīng)被拒收.。

Mechanical Property of ASTM A178 ASTM A178的機(jī)械性能

Grade C & Grade D tubes shall conform to the requirements -tensile properties prescribed below   C級(jí)和D級(jí)管應(yīng)符合以下規(guī)定的拉伸性能要求

Outside diameter and Wall Thickness Tolerance of ASTM A178/A178M

 ASTM A178/A178M的外徑和壁厚公差

Referenced Documents 參考文件

• A450/A450M Specification for General Requirements for Carbon,Ferritic Alloy,and Austenitic Alloy steel tubes.
• A450/A450M碳、鐵素體合金和奧氏體合金鋼管的一般要求規(guī)范。
• E213 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal pipe and tubing.
• E213金屬管道超聲波檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程。
• E273 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Longitudinal Welded Pipe and Tubing.
• E273縱向焊接管道超聲波檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程。

A450/A450M

ASTM A450 covers carbon and low alloy steel tube. Steel samples shall be melt processed and shall either be ingot cast or strand cast. Heat and product analyses shall be performed on the steel materials. Steel specimens shall also undergo tensile tests and shall conform to required values of yield strength and elongation. Flattening test, reverse flattening test, flaring test, flange test, hardness test, hydrostatic test, air underwater pressure test, and nondestructive tests shall be performed on the steel materials.

ASTM A450涵蓋了碳和低合金鋼管。鋼樣應(yīng)進(jìn)行熔融處理，并應(yīng)為鑄錠或鑄坯。應(yīng)對(duì)鋼材進(jìn)行熱分析和產(chǎn)品分析。鋼試樣還應(yīng)進(jìn)行拉伸試驗(yàn)，并應(yīng)符合屈服強(qiáng)度和伸長率的要求值。鋼材應(yīng)進(jìn)行壓扁試驗(yàn)、反向壓扁試驗(yàn)、擴(kuò)口試驗(yàn)、法蘭試驗(yàn)、硬度試驗(yàn)、水壓試驗(yàn)、空氣水下壓力試驗(yàn)和無損檢測。

Manufacturing Process制造工藝

Heat treatment: 熱處理：

After welding,all tubes shall be heat treated at a temperature of 1650°F(900℃) or higher and followed by cooling in air or in the cooling chamber of a controlled-atmosphere furnace,Cold-drawn tubes shall be heat treated after the final cold-draw pass at a temperature of 1200°F(650℃)or higher.

焊接后，所有管子應(yīng)在1650°F（900℃）或更高的溫度下進(jìn)行熱處理，然后在空氣中或可控氣氛家具的冷卻室中冷卻。冷拔管應(yīng)在最終冷拔道次后在1200°F（650℃）或以上的溫度下熱處理。

Surface Condition:表面狀況:

Finished tubes shall be free of scale,A slight amount of oxidation will not be considered as scale.成品管應(yīng)無水垢，少量氧化不會(huì)被視為水垢。

Mechanical Tests Required: 所需的機(jī)械測試：

Flattenting Test/Flaring test/Flange test/Crush test/Tension test/Reverse Flattening test/Hydrostatic or Nondestructive Electric Test壓扁試驗(yàn)/擴(kuò)口試驗(yàn)/法蘭試驗(yàn)/壓碎試驗(yàn)/拉伸試驗(yàn)/反向壓扁試驗(yàn)/靜水壓或無損電氣試驗(yàn)

Usage使用

Used in boiler, superheater, heat-exchanger and pressure equipment in Petrochemical factory, Refinery factory, sugar mill, power plant, power plant, shipbuilding.

用于石油化工廠、煉油廠、糖廠、發(fā)電廠、電廠、船舶的鍋爐、過熱器、換熱器和壓力設(shè)備。

Manufacture & Heat Treatment 制造和熱處理

The ASTM A178 Grade D steel shall be killed. ASTM A178 tubes shall be made by electric-resistance welding process. After welding, all tubes shall be heat treated at a temperature of 1650°F [900°C] or higher and followed by cooling in air or in the cooling chamber of a controlled-atmosphere furnace. Cold-drawn tubes shall be heat treated after the final cold-draw pass at a temperature of 1200°F [650°F] or higher.

應(yīng)殺死ASTM A178 D級(jí)鋼。ASTM A178管材應(yīng)采用電阻焊接工藝制造。焊接后，所有管子應(yīng)在1650°F[900°C]或更高的溫度下進(jìn)行熱處理，然后在空氣中或可控氣氛家具的冷卻室中冷卻。冷拔管應(yīng)在最終冷拔道次后在1200°F[650°F]或更高的溫度下進(jìn)行熱處理。

Testing & Inspection測試和檢驗(yàn)

ERW tubes made from ASTM A178 steel may be tested or inspected in the following ways covering crush test, flattening test, flange test, tension test, reverse tension test, hydrostatic test, nondestructive electric test, dimension inspection, visual examination, as well as ultrasonic inspection.

ASTM A178鋼制成的ERW管可以通過以下方式進(jìn)行測試或檢查，包括壓碎試驗(yàn)、壓扁試驗(yàn)、法蘭試驗(yàn)、拉伸試驗(yàn)、反向拉伸試驗(yàn)、水壓試驗(yàn)、無損電氣試驗(yàn)、尺寸檢查、目視檢查以及超聲波檢查。

Material Comparison Tables (ASTM ℃KS, JIS, DIN, BS, NBN, NF, UNI)

材料對(duì)照表（ASTM℃KS、JIS、DIN、BS、NBN、NF、UNI）

A 178 C-Steel Electric-Resistance-Welded Boiler Tubes 178 C鋼電阻焊鍋爐管